by email > me: i guess what i have had to say to you that if we want ppl to except the results/the emerging things from computer model of social phenomena, we need to say that this model has its truth in specific frame of thinking, ie. post structural/deleuzian >> self organising >> autopoiesis (try to narrow it down)
so this frame of thinking may not work for your example to jump out the window :-D


by email > p: you are right, jumping out of the window was a stupid example, and certainly not within our frame of thinking. I would say that autopoesis is the main thing. Its all a bit difficult, but it is encouraging that some simple programs can provide enough complexity to provide an excuse for such philosophical musings.

Compilation on Space Allocation Problem: 1980 onwards


SHAVIV, EDNA


1974. Shaviv, Edna and Dov Gali
A Model for Space Allocation in Complex Buildings : A Computer Graphics Approach


Build International. England: Applied Science Publisher Ltd., 1974. vol. 7: pp. 493-517 : ill. includes bibliography

A model for the organization of activities in a complex building is presented. The model aimed at the minimization of an objective function based on circulation and subject to architectural constraints



1986, Layout Design Problems: Systematic Approaches

Computer-Aided Architectural Design Futures [CAAD Futures Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-408-05300-3] Delft (The Netherlands), 18-19 September 1985, pp. 28-52

The complexity of the layout design problems known as the 'spatial allocation problems' gave rise to several approaches, which can be generally classified into two main streams. The first attempts to use the computer to generate solutions of the building layout, while in the second, computers are used only to evaluate manually generated solutions. In both classes the generation or evaluation of the layout are performed systematically. Computer algorithms for 'spatial allocation problems' first appeared more than twenty-five years ago (Koopmans, 1957). From 1957 to 1970 over thirty different programs were developed for generating the floor plan layout automatically, as is summarized in CAP-Computer Architecture Program, Vol. 2 (Stewart et al., 1970). It seems that any architect who entered the area of CAAD felt that it was his responsibility to find a solution to this prime architectural problem. Most of the programs were developed for batch processing, and were run on a mainframe without any sophisticated input/output devices. It is interesting to mention that, because of the lack of these sophisticated input/output devices, early researchers used the approach of automatic generation of optimal or quasioptimal layout solution under given constraints. Gradually, we find a recession and slowdown in the development of computer programs for generation of layout solutions. With the improvement of interactive input/output devices and user interfaces, the inclination today is to develop integrated systems in which the architectural solution is obtained manually by the architect and is introduced to the computer for the appraisal of the designer's layout solution (Maver, 1977). The manmachine integrative systems could work well, but it seems that in most of the integrated systems today, and in the commercial ones in particular, there is no route to any appraisal technique of the layout problem. Without any evaluation techniques in commercial integrated systems it seems that the geometrical database exists Just to create working drawings and sometimes also perspectives.



CONSTRAIN-BASED


Gross , Mark D.
1996, Elements That Follow Your Rules: Constraint Based CAD Layout

Design Computation: Collaboration, Reasoning, Pedagogy [ACADIA Conference Proceedings / ISBN 1-880250-05-5] Tucson (Arizona / USA) October 31 - November 2, 1996, pp. 115-122

The paper reports on CKB (Construction Kit Builder) a prototype CAD program that designers can program with positioning and assembly rules for layout of building elements. The program's premise is that designing can be understood as a process of making and following rules for the selection, position, and dimension of built and space elements. CKB operates at two distinct levels of design: the technical system designer, who makes the rules, and the end designer, who lays out the material and space elements to make a design. CKB supports two kinds of rules with constraint based programming techniques: grid and zone based position rules, and assembly rules that position elements with respect to one another. The paper discusses the rationale for CKB and describes its implementation.



Damski, Jos� C. and Gero, John S.
1997, An Evolutionary Approach to Generating Constraint-Based Space Layout Topologies

CAAD Futures 1997 [Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-7923-4726-9] M�nchen (Germany), 4-6 August 1997, pp. 855-864

This paper describes a system to produce space layout topologies for architectural plans using an evolutionary approach. The layout specification is defined as a set of topological and directional constraints, which are used as a fitness function in the evolutionary system. The halfplane representation is used to represent the genotypes in the evolutionary system, for both arrangements of halfplanes and the figures generated from those arrangements. As the halfplane representation proposed here does not distinguish between straight and non-straight boundaries, at the symbolic level the spaces and the layouts produced can also be bounded by straight or non-straight lines. The well known rectangular (polyomino) arrangements become a particular case only.



Li, S.-P., Frazer, J.H. and Tang M.-X.
2000, A Constraint Based Generative System for Floor Layouts

CAADRIA 2000 [Proceedings of the Fifth Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / ISBN 981-04-2491-4] Singapore 18-19 May 2000, pp. 441-450

This paper presents the current study of using a constraint based approach to solve floor layout problems. Nonlinear programming technique is used for the solution searching. This paper presents the authors' attempt to improve the nonlinear programming techniques for floor layout problems. Unlike most nonlinear programming systems, multiple optimized solutions can be provided with this system. The process of solving a layout problem, from constraint specification to solution searching, is described in detail. A case study is given in the last section before the conclusions to illustrate how the proposed model works.



SEED


Flemming, Ulrich and Sheng-Fen , Chien
1995, Schematic Layout Design in SEED Environment

Journal of Architectural Engineering -- December 1995 -- Volume 1, Issue 4, pp. 162-169

This paper describes SEED-Layout, a module of SEED that supports the generation of schematic layouts of the functional units specified in an architectural program. SEED-Layout provides capabilities that allowdesigners to generate and evaluate rapidly different layout alternatives and versions; to explore the trade-offs involved; and to engage generally in an iterative, highly explorative design process. The resulting"design space" is complex, and the paper describes current efforts to provide designers with intelligent "navigation" aids that encourage them to explore interesting portions of this space without "getting lost."The paper concludes with a brief description of the current implementation and directions for future work.



Flemming, Ulrich and Woodbury, Robert
1995, Software Environment to Support Early Phases in Building Design (SEED): Overview

Journal of Architectural Engineering -- December 1995 -- Volume 1, Issue 4, pp. 147-152

This paper describes the overall goals of SEED, the approach taken by its developers to achieve these goals, and the subprojects that comprise the entire project. SEED aims at providing computational support forthe early design phase in all aspects that can benefit from such support. It addresses specifically architectural programming, schematic layout design, and the generation of a fully three-dimensional configuration ofphysical building components like structure and enclosure. These tasks are handled by three individual modules, SEED-Pro, SEED-Layout, and SEED-Config. A standards processor is under development tosupport standards and code checking in any module, as is an object database to store and retrieve different design versions, alternatives, and past designs that can be reused and adapted in different contexts(case-based design). Usability issues, especially the interfaces to the modules, receive special attention. Subsequent papers elaborate on these efforts in greater detail. The present paper provides an overview of theentire project and introduces shared concepts presumed known in subsequent papers.



Aygen, Z. and Flemming, U.
1998, Classification of Precedents - A Hybrid Approach to Indexing and Retrieving Design Cases in SEED (a Software Environment for the Early Phases of Building Design)

CAADRIA �98 [Proceedings of The Third Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / ISBN 4-907662-009] Osaka (Japan) 22-24 April 1998, pp. 435-444

An efficient indexing of past solutions is crucial to case-based design (CBD) systems performing complex retrieval on large case-bases. This paper suggests a hybrid approach to the indexing and retrieval of design precedents. The suggested approach accounts for the issues of classification manifested in architectural discussions on type and CBD literature. The indexing scheme integrates description-logic based representation for classification and an object-based representation for precedents. The hybrid scheme constitutes a basis for the implementation of a generic case indexing and retrieval mechanism for SEED.



EXPERT SYSTEM


1986. Flemming, Ulrich, Robert F. Coyne and Timothy J. Glavin, et al
ROOS1 -- Version One of a Generative Expert System for the Design of Building Layouts

17 p. : ill. Pittsburgh: Engineering Design Research Center, Carnegie Mellon University, September, 1986

ROOS1 is a generative expert system for the design of building layouts. The system is intended to complement human designers' performance through (a) its ability to systematically search for alternative solutions with promising trade-offs; and (b) its ability to take a broad range of design concerns into account. Work on the system provides insights into the applicability of Artificial Intelligence techniques to space planning and building design in general. The system is based on a general generate-and-test paradigm. Its main components are a generator, a tester and a control strategy (which is to be expanded later into a genuine planner). The generator is restricted to the allocation of rectangles. The spatial relations above, below, to the left and the right are defined for pairs of objects in a layout and serve as basic design variables which define differences between solutions and govern the enumeration of alternatives. Within the class of layouts it is able to produce, the generator is completely general and able to generate all realizable sets of spatial relations for a given number of objects. In contrast, the tester is domain-specific and incorporates knowledge about the quality of layouts in a specific domain. The system can be applied to various domains by running it with the appropriate tester and, possibly, the appropriate control strategy. The control strategy itself mediates between planner and tester and, when expanded into a planner, is able to streamline the search for alternatives. The system will go through a sequence of versions with increasing complexity. Each version will have a conceptually clean and clear architecture, and it is the authors' intention to evaluate each architecture explicitly in terms of its promises and limitations with respect to various domains. The first of these versions is described in the present paper



1988. Flemming, Ulrich, Robert F. Coyne and Timothy J. Glavin, et al
A Generative Expert System for the Design of Building Layouts -- Version 2

Artificial Intelligence in Engineering: Design. editor. John J. Gero. Elsevier (Computational Mechanics Publications), 1988. PP. 445-464 : ill. includes bibliography

The paper describes an attempt to increase the intelligence of a CAD system by adding capabilities (1) to systematically enumerate alternative solutions to a design problem, and (2) to take, at the same time, a broad spectrum of criteria or concerns into account. These capabilities are intended to complement the designer's abilities and performance. In connection with such attempts, fundamental problems arise when the objects to be designed have shape and are located in space. These problems are identified, and an approach to solve them is outlined. This approach is currently being tested over a range of domains all of which deal with the design of layouts of rectangles subject to constraints and criteria. The search for alternatives takes place in a state space with properties that make it possible to systematically explore and evaluate the power of various search strategies or planning paradigms. The state space is established through a domain-independent generator, while the evaluation of points in that space is carried out by a domain-dependent tester built up through a process of knowledge acquisition familiar from work with expert systems



1989, Purnomo, H.
SPACE - Generative Expert System: An Expert System for Designing a Layout of Single-Family Houses Using the Expansiva Building System [MBdgSc Thesis]

Department of Architectural and Design Science, University of Sydney UNPUBLISHED. CADLINE has abstract only.

This dissertation describes an expert system for designing the layout of a single-family house using the Espansiva building system introduced by Jorn Utzon. The expert system uses two systems that are already available; the BUILD expert system shell as an automated reasoning system and the Eagle 3D modeler system for producing graphical output. Both programs run under the UNIX operating system on SUN microcomputers. The integration of BUILD, which is written in Prolog, with Eagle using one of the Eagle commands called 'weasel' is a major part of the implementation of the system.

This one appears when i look for deleuzian affinities to phenomenology, chaos and autopoiesis Self-Organisation, Autopoiesis, and Enterprises (Whitaker) Increasing interest in self-organization for understanding enterprises ('purposeful social collectives') derives from the appreciation of three key issues: systemic perspectives on enterprises; auto-determination of system form and function; and contextualization. This article cautions against circular reasoning for explaining the notion of a self-determinant system, and recommends explicit specification of the connotation of 'self-organization.' The paper elaborates upon one approach to self-organization, namely autopoiesis. An overview of the autopoietic theory is provided followed by its relevance to theory and practice of social systems.

program everything in general ....... (remember *chaos theory* the ultimate guide in computational modelling? guess for this time being ----> !! complexity raises from simple rules !!) otherwise u stuck with tautology To evolve an ear: epistemological implications of Gordon Pask's electrochemical devices (Peter Cariani)

i wanna know more about this, somebody wrote this ...Deleuze's philosophy has certain affinities with phenomenology, chaos theory, and autopoiesis...they had deleuze stared at you on that page, i thought i am lucky enough to have never met deleuze, he had such a charisma that i believe i dont like.

so i got to this page uhmmm critical studies (i like the title ehe) have to read this one: Vibrant cells: celullar automata, artificial life and autopoiesis (draft John Johnston)


i can see that deleuze's logic of difference, ie. the manner or the mode of assembling the world has a feature similar to what they called circularity in autopoiesis machine. so i guess, the parallel between phenomenology and deleuze is in defining observation as a process. i had to know more about this. and, with chaos theory... i don't have a clue.

What exactly is chaos? Put simply, it is the idea that it is possible to get completely random results from normal equations. Chaos theory also covers the reverse: finding the order in what appears to be completely random data.

creativity in the light of poststructural era; Deleuze's Ontology and Creativity: Becoming in Architecture (James Williams)specifically architecture!

This is a summary from a web dedicated to autopoiesis

The observed phenomena, how the theory come about

the object is living systems, and living systems seen to constitute:
1. circularity in form and structure (emphasise components that make up a system)
2. circularity in internal operations (emphasise the identity and unity, ie. maintain system's contistutional and configurational integrity), that can be influence by environmental events but stand specific to that system.

essential circularity listed as follows:
1. repetition in the course of system actions or responses (system capacity to response limited to its circularities in form, configuration and internal operations)
2.

where autopoiesis fit in?

apparently, autopoiesis with enactive-cognitive framework had been claimed as the alternative from both formal and connectionism (ai terms: or cognitivism and emergence in philosophical terms). concise determinitive criteria and explanations is here, to identify an autopoieitic machine.
1. if the unity has identifiable boundaries via interactions within
2. if there are constitutive elements of the unity, ie. components of the unity
3. if the unity is a mechanistic system, ie. the components properties are capable of satisfying certain relations that determine in the unity the interactions and transformations of these components
4. if the components that constitute the boundaries of the unity constitute these boundaries through preferential neighborhood relations and interactions between themselves, as determined by their properties in the space of their interactions
5. if the components of the boundaries of the unity are produced by the interactions of the components of the unity, either transformation of previously produced components, or by transformations and/or coupling of non-component elements that enter the unity through its boundaries
6. if all the other components of the unity are also produced by the interactions of its components as in 5., and if those which are not produced by the interactions of other components participate as necessary permanent constitutive components in the production of other components

Maturana quoted disagree on implementation of autopoiesis to social problems, here are difficulties implementing autopooiesis to social problem listed by Mingers 1995. On the other side, here's the bridge of that implementation provided by Niklas Luhmann theory of Social System in his case for communications.

yesterday was quite good. i think chris has a natural way of giving lecture, although its not the best one i've ever seen. the material are questionable though; since (i think) i question anything now, don't bother! for ex. he seems quite sure about ANN manages to model the working of brain, while not trying to go into details difficulties and drawbacks of learning part. also the kind of ANN and what particular things could be state with it in his example (when he talks about the 3 yrs old project). i also noticed some mechanistic belief of how evolution works, ie. through optimalisation. and eyh, aren't they all do this? GA for optimalisation problem?

the mvba, as i expected, was a seed lecture. i knew my problem from the beginning of this project, that i will try to create complex program skipping the basic. ok ok, i will try simple things now.

i talked to paul about his belief in the simple rules generates complex structures. eh ey its very naive of me, but i need to ask him so i know what to go next. so he was saying, he's still one of the proponent! why? because architecture is prolly not complicated at all, but the problem with architecture is that while having quite similar structure, there are many alternatives available. hmmmmm hmmm i need sometime to understand this and put it in the bigger picture. paul also said something about sensitive feedback, i agree because that's anderson spirit in architecture and also holland's cgp-v.